Effect of biochar and its residues and age of corn leaves defoliation on the advantages of yields of corn and several types of upright peanuts in dry land
Keywords:
Biochar and residues, Corn, Upright type nuts, Salome intercropping, Age of defoliation
Abstract
The island of Timor with a dry tropical climate causes the emergence of a variety of local wisdom as a form of adaptation to environmental conditions. In West Timor, farmers use local knowledge as part of their ancestral heritage in the traditional farming system to improve the food security of family households. One form of local wisdom is a land and crop management system in which several types of food plants are planted simultaneously at the same planting hole (Salome). This study aims to prove the presence of biochar effects and residues as well as the age of defoliation on the results of corn in intercrops of Salome with several types of beans in dry land and to obtain suitable types of bean plants that are intercropped in Salome with corn. This research was conducted in July 2018 until July 2019 in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Timor University, Sasi village, Kefamenanu City District, TTU Regency. This research was conducted in two stages of planting, namely stage I, namely: planting in July to November 2018. Phase II was planting carried out in November 2018 to March 2019. This study used a 2 x 3 x 3 factorial randomized block design with 3 replications + corn monoculture and bean monoculture. The first factor is the use of biochar which consists of 2 levels, namely without biochar and the use of Biochar. The second factor is the age of corn dawn defoliation consisting of 3 levels, namely without defoliation, defoliation age 35 days after planting, defoliation age is 75 HST. The third factor is the type of upright type local beans consisting of 3 levels, namely: Vigna radiata L., Vigna umbellata L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., so there are 18 combinations. The results of the first phase of the research showed that the highest seed weight of corn produced a combination of treatment without biochar with defoliation age of 35 hst corn leaves in the monoculture system while in intercropping system produced by combination of biochar treatment, the defoliation age of 35 hst of corn leaves in the type of Vigna radiata L., The results of the second phase of the study showed that the combined treatment of using biochar residue, the defoliation age of 75 hst corn leaves produced the highest weight of corn seeds which were planted with intercropping system with mung bean types. The results of the first phase of the research showed that the highest seed weight of the bean plant was produced by a combination of treatments without biochar with type bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the monoculture system, whereas the intercropping system was produced by a combination of the use of biochar treatment without defoliation of corn leaves with the type of Phaseolus vulgaris L. beans, The results of the second phase of the study showed that the combination of the treatment of use without biochar residue, the age of defoliation of 35 HST corn leaves with the highest type of green beans in the intercropping system. Corn yield in the Salome intercropping system at the beginning of the use of biochar has decreased compared to control but has increased again when using biochar residue, the defoliation age of 35 hst corn leaves is better than without defoliation, all types of beans are suitable for planting with the Salome intercropping system. The types of Vigna radiata L. and Vigna umbellata L. are more suitable to be planted with the Salome intercropping system with corn at the beginning of biochar and pasa use when using biochar residues.
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References
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Taghizadeh-Toosi A, Clough TJ, Sherlock RR, & Condron LM 2012. Biochar adsorbed ammonia is bioavailable. Plant Soil 350:57–69.
Uchimiya M., Cantrell K.B., Hunt P.G., Novak J.M., and Chang S., 2012. Retention of heavy metals in a Typic Kandiudult amended with different manure-based biochars. J. Environ. Qual. 41:1138-1149.
Ventura, M, Sorrenti G, Panzacchi P, George E, and Tonon G. 2013. Biochar reduces short-term nitrate leaching from A horizon in an Apple Orchard. J. Environ. Qual. 42:76–82.
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Wijaya A.B., Mulyati & Dahlan M. 2018. Uji Pengaruh Residu Biochar Dan Pupuk NPK Terhadap Ketersediaan Hara Kalium, Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Selada (Lactuca sativa L.)., jurnal Crop Agro.
Banik, P. 1996. Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Legume Intercropping Under 1:1 and 2:1 Rowâ€replacement Series System., Journal of Agronomi and crop science., volume 176(5).
Bau Demetriana Bele., 2017., Pengaruh waktu perendaman dan takaran biochar dalam urin sapi terhadap pertumbuhan jagung dalam tumpangsari Salome dengan kacang hijau., Skripsi., universitas Timor., Kefamenanu.
Beets W.C., 1982. Multiple Cropping and Tropical Farming System. Chicago: Gower Publ Co. Chicago.
Berek Arnoldus Klau., Syprianus Ceunfin., Roberto I.C.O Taolin., Eduardus Yosef Neonbeni., & Maksimus Johanes Seran., 2017., Efek Biochar Dan Teh Kompos Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Selada Darat (Lactuca Sativa L) Di Tanah Vertisol Semiarid., J.Floratek 12(2): 101-114.
Ceunfin S., 2018., Efek Model Tumpangsari dan Pengaturan Barisan Jagung terhadap Evaluasi Keuntungan Hasil Jagung dan Kacang Nasi Kultivar Lokal Timor dalam Tumpangsari., Savana Cendana 3(2) 18-20.
Ceunfin S., Humoen M.U., Boyfala S.M.A., Seran A.H., & Lelang A., 2018. Pengaruh Model Defoliasi Daun Jagung dan Jumlah Benih terhadap Hasil Jagung dan Kacang Nasi pada Sistem Tumpangsari Salome (Kearifan Lokal Timor)., Savana Cendana 3(1) 8-10.
Gai X, Wang H, Liu J, Zhai L, Liu S, Ren T, Liu H. 2014. Effects of Feedstock and Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Adsorption of Ammonium and Nitrate. PLoS ONE 9: 2-19.
Glaser B., Haumeier L., Guggenberger G., & Zech W., 2001., The ’Terra Preta’ Phenomenon: A Model For Sustainable Agriculture In The Humidtropics. Naturwissenschaften Vol 88, 37-4.
Humoen M.U., 2017., Pengaruh waktu perendaman dan takaran biochar dalam urin sapi terhadap pertumbuhan kacang hijau dalam tumpangsari Salome dengan jagung., Skripsi., universitas Timor., Kefamenanu.
Hopkins., 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Willey and Sons Inc, Singapore.
Indradewa D., Sastrowinoto S., Notohadisuwarno S., & Prabowo H., 2004., Metabolisme Nitrogen Pada Tanaman Kedelai Yang Mendapat Genangan Dalam Parit., lmu Pertanian Vol. 11 No. 2: 68-75.
Keift J.A.M., 2007., Farmers Use of Sesbania Grandiflora Intensify Swidden Agriculture in Nort Central Timor, Indonesia., Program Leaders of Agriculture Disester Management and Conflict Recovery, CARE, International Indonesia.
Khodijah NS., Kusmiadi R., &Sartika S., 2014., Optimalisasi Produksi Kacang Tanah Dan Jagung Pada Pola Tanam Tumpangsari Dengan Perlakuan Defoliasi Jagung., Enviagro, Jurnal Pertanian dan Lingkungan Vol.7 No. 2.
Levis, L. R., K. Sukesi, Sugiyanto & Y. Yuliati. 2017. Farmers Behaviour Regarding Food Security By Practicing The ‘Salome’ Farming System As Local Wisdom In West Timor, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 20 (2017): 231 – 236.
Niswati A., Taisa R., & Suryani M., 2018., Peningkatan Respirasi Tanah Dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung Akibat Residu Biochar Pada Top Soil Dan Sub Soil Tanah Ultisols., Proseding Forum Komunikasi Perguruan Tinggi Pertanian Indonesia (FKPTPI) 2018 Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh.
Neo F. X & Ceunfin S., 2018., Pengaruh Model Tumpangsari dan Pengaturan Jarak Tanam Kacang Nasi (Vigna angularis L.) Kultivar Lokal terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.)., Savana Cendana 3(1) 14-17.
Novak J.M., Lima I, Xing B, Gaskin JW, Steiner C, Das KC, Ahmedna MA, Rehrah D, Watts DW, Busscher WJ, and Schomberg H. 2009. Characterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on a loamy sand. Annal. Environ. Sci. 3:195-206.
Palaniappan. 1985. Cropping system in the Tropic: Prinsiples and Management. Coimbataro: Wiley Eastern Limited and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.
Rosidi A., Mulyati & Sukartono., 2016., Evaluasi Pengaruh Residu Biochar Dan Dosis Nitrogen Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Kedelai (Glycine max. L. merill.) Pada Tanah Bertekstur Lempung Berpasir (Sandy Loam)., Crop Agro Vol 9 No 1: 1-8.
Sarkhot D.V., Ghezzehei TA, and Berhe AA. 2013. Effectiveness of biochar for sorption of ammonium and phosphate from dairy effluent. J. Environ. Qual. 42:1545-1554.
Sanit E & Nubatonis A., 2018., Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Tumpangsari Palawija di Desa Letneo Selatan dan Desa Unini Kecamatan Insana Barat., Agrimor 3(2) 30-33.
Suchri Amin., 2010. Dampak Penataan Baris Tanam dan Defoliasi Daun Jagung terhadap hasil jagung (Varietas Tambin), pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang tanah (varietas Jerafah) Dalam Sistem Tumpangsari. Agrovigor Volume 3 No 1 ISSN 1979-5777.
Sundari Titik., Siti Mutmaidah, Yuliantoro Baliadi., 2019., Keunggulan Kompetitif Agronomis dan Ekonomis Lima Belas Genotipe Kedelai pada Tumpangsari dengan Jagung., BULETIN PALAWIJA VOL. 17 NO. 1.
Surtinah., 2005. Hubungan Pemangkasan Organ bagian Atas Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays, L) dan Dosis Urea terhadap Pengisian Biji. Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian Vol. 1 No. 2.
Steinbeiss S., Gleixner G., & Antonietti, M. 2009., Effect Of Biochar Amendment On Soil Carbon Balance And Soil Microbial Activity. Journal Soil Biolology and Biochemistry vol 41:1301-1310.
Taghizadeh-Toosi A, Clough TJ, Sherlock RR, & Condron LM 2012. Biochar adsorbed ammonia is bioavailable. Plant Soil 350:57–69.
Uchimiya M., Cantrell K.B., Hunt P.G., Novak J.M., and Chang S., 2012. Retention of heavy metals in a Typic Kandiudult amended with different manure-based biochars. J. Environ. Qual. 41:1138-1149.
Ventura, M, Sorrenti G, Panzacchi P, George E, and Tonon G. 2013. Biochar reduces short-term nitrate leaching from A horizon in an Apple Orchard. J. Environ. Qual. 42:76–82.
Yilmaz Şaban., Ali ÖZEL., Mehmet ATAK., & Mustafa ERAYMAN., 20015., Effects of seeding rates on competition indices of barley and vetch intercropping systems in the Eastern Mediterranean., Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry., 39: 135-143.
Wijaya A.B., Mulyati & Dahlan M. 2018. Uji Pengaruh Residu Biochar Dan Pupuk NPK Terhadap Ketersediaan Hara Kalium, Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Selada (Lactuca sativa L.)., jurnal Crop Agro.
Published
2020-01-31
How to Cite
Ceunfin, S., Neonbeni, E., Nino, J., Agu, Y., Pareira, M., Seran, M., Metkono, V., & Biamnasi, M. (2020). Effect of biochar and its residues and age of corn leaves defoliation on the advantages of yields of corn and several types of upright peanuts in dry land. Savana Cendana, 5(01), 9-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32938/sc.v5i01.845
Section
Original research article
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